Publication
Sustained innate interferon is an essential inducer of tertiary lymphoid structures.
Journal Paper/Review - Jul 9, 2024
Calvanese Anna Laura, Cecconi Virginia, Stäheli Severin, Schnepf Daniel, Nater Marc, Pereira Paulo, Gschwend Julia, Heikenwalder Mathias, Schneider Christoph, Ludewig Burkhard, Silina Karina, van den Broek Maries
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Brief description/objective
Tertiary lymphoid structures (TLS) resemble follicles of secondary lymphoid organs and develop in nonlymphoid tissues during inflammation and cancer. Which cell types and signals drive the development of TLS is largely unknown. To investigate early events of TLS development in the lungs, we repeatedly instilled p(I:C) plus ovalbumin (Ova) intranasally. This induced TLS ranging from lymphocytic aggregates to organized and functional structures containing germinal centers. We found that TLS development is independent of FAP fibroblasts, alveolar macrophages, or CCL19 but crucially depends on type I interferon (IFN-I). Mechanistically, IFN-I initiates two synergistic pathways that culminate in the development of TLS. On the one hand, IFN-I induces lymphotoxin (LT)α in lymphoid cells, which stimulate stromal cells to produce the B-cell-attracting chemokine CXCL13 through LTβR-signaling. On the other hand, IFN-I is sensed by stromal cells that produce the T-cell-attracting chemokines CXCL9, CXCL10 as well as CCL19 and CCL21 independently of LTβR. Consequently, B-cell aggregates develop within a week, whereas follicular dendritic cells and germinal centers appear after 3 weeks. Thus, sustained production of IFN-I together with an antigen is essential for the induction of functional TLS in the lungs.